Sunday, 11 September 2022

FRIENDSHIP & GOALS

WHAT IS FRIENDSHIP:

 For all the attention we pay to love stories, some of the most compelling stories (in fiction or not) are about best friends, like Thelma and Louise, Woody and Boaz, and even Captain Kirk and Spock. "However, the two sieges had gone through each other's back thick and thin, although there were many stumbling blocks in the way." But, just like romance, if you've ever tried to make a new friend and only things haven't been clicked, it's probably because one of the essential components of friendship simply wasn't there.

All of this is good and good, but if a potential new friend doesn't see the same happy charm in you, it's unlikely anything deep and lasting will come from him. Yet, we do not know when and where friendship will develop. Usually, it arises from a common interest or a hobby, and brings people together because they are at the same stage of life, like new or retired parents. People of similar backgrounds and cultures tend to come together through interconnections around shared experiences for life. Although most of these relationships take time to really go deep, friendship sometimes resembles a lightning strike. "Sometimes you can be in a large group of new people and catch someone's eye and that's like 'boom!' - instant friendship," Diggs-White says of an experience she calls "the click phenomenon." "It's like that rush of "love at first sight," but it's friendship, not romantic."

Dr. Susan Diggs-White, a psychologist and friendship expert at the University of Northern Illinois, explains in an email interview that "friendships are relationships that involve two very critical dimensions - interconnectedness and voluntary participation." As anyone who's ever been friends know, it's a complex process and an experience. She says that true friendships are characterized by each member's willingness to deal with the other, as it is a shared interest in each other's experiences and ideas, as well as a sense of belonging and interdependence. Friendships require reciprocity - admiration, respect, trust, and emotional and emotional support.

In other words, friendship is great, and a lot of ink is stolen in citation the virtues of having friends. That doesn't mean friendship is easy. It takes time and effort, and it requires that people put someone other than themselves first at times. But in return for this work, a friend can provide a tremendous amount of support and comfort in good times and in distress. Keep reading to learn more about various types of friendship.

Truly, good friendships are very important to our general happiness. A 2017 study in the journal Personal Relations found that having strong friendships is actually more evidence of overall health and happiness in old age than just sharing and supporting the family! But the benefits of friendship in general are lifelong. Research has shown that people with good friends often feel happier, less stressed, and more like those without friends. A strong network of friends also increases self-confidence, as well as providing much-needed emotional support during difficult times, such as illness, missing a loved one or getting divorced.

What are the different types of Friendship:

Once again, a person rarely moves from a virtual stranger to Anstee. “Friendships develop as each person reveals himself a bit more, and the “friend who makes him” matches the revelation he reveals himself. It's how to build trust between people — through increasingly intimate or personal information exchange. In fact, research has revealed that it takes about 50 hours to become just a passing friend, then 90 hours to be elevated to a regular friend. Then it takes about 200 more hours of interaction to develop a “close friendship”! [Source: Hellman].

Before we reach the integrity of individual types of friends, it is important to note that as individuals, we prefer different types of social structures, according to research published in Contexts 2016. These narrow flavors tend to maintain a dense social network where everyone is friends with each other, while the fragmented have multiple groups of friends, which often come from different periods of time in their lives or perform different functions such as counseling or entertainment. The owners have personal relationships but avoid groups [source: Wang].

According to Diggs-White, there are four basic types of friendship: friend, best friend and best friend. "The level of friendship deepens as the level of exchange, mutual respect and friendship grows," she explains. Knowledge is easy enough to classify. It's people who are not totally strangers, who you normally meet in a place like a coffee shop or a work cafeteria, but you don't really know. “They're people we know well enough to have small conversations with on a regular basis,” she says, “but they're not really people we can invite to a dinner party or visit if we need help.”

By contrast, the “friends” in the record number are those we are trying to meet or mix with. "Women who participate in motor racing duties in children's sports and who usually hang around with them or spend time with them at games, for example. or people who are your “group” and with whom you tend to communicate on a regular basis.

These friends are certainly valuable, but when things get more complicated, you're more likely to seek a "close friend" for help or support. They're also the people who trade secrets. There isn't only a strong level of trust between these friends, there's also a lot of unconditional respect and intimacy, Diggs White explains in detail. You may not like your best friends' choices, but you defend your right to make them.

Last but not least, there is a real lack of “best friend” phenomena. "The best friend is the rarest kind of friend and kind of friend we all need to have in our lives. It's a friend that happens to you without having to explain yourself. He's the kind of friend who loves you no matter what. They're not necessarily people you talk to every day. "Weeks or months may pass without calling, but when you reconnect, it's as if no time has passed. These friendships differ in their ability to practice and abide even if life temporarily blocks the way. These are “friends of heart to heart” or “friends of spirit” and can give you comfort even if you are away from contacting this friend.”

It's important to note that in today's social media-based society, people often feel confused about their status as friends. “The process of 'making real friends' really hasn't changed! What has changed is the generic label of acquaintances, acquaintances, and close friends that all have the same title, “Friend,” says Diggs-White. "Not all followers, Facebook friends and others will be "real friends," because there's probably not a lot in common with them, you rarely see them in person (if there's anything at all), and they probably couldn't get them to get a lot of support."

Sometimes even seemingly real friendships get worse. Keep reading to learn more about the toxic signs of friendship, and how to take action. 

Saturday, 10 September 2022

SOURCE OF ENERGY

Source of energy:


Since electric power is produced by energy available in different forms in nature, it is desirable
Search various energy sources. These energy sources are:

(1) Sun       (ii) Wind      (iii) Water      (iv) Fuel        (v) Nuclear energy.

Of these sources, solar and wind energy have not been widely used because of
At present, the other three sources of water, fuel and nuclear power are
It is used mainly for electric power generation.

(1) Sun:

                 The Sun is the primary source of energy. The energy can be radiated by the sun They focus on a small area with reflectors. This heat can be used to raise steam Electric power can be produced with the aid of a set of turbine switches.
 But this method has limited application due to:
      (a) Requires a large area to generate even a small amount of electricity
      (b) Cannot be used on cloudy days or at night
      (j) It is uneconomical.
                Nevertheless, there are some locations in the world where very strong solar radiation is received These sites are receiving more attention Building solar plants.

(2) Wind:

               This method can be used where air flows for a considerable period of time. And the wind power is used to power the windmill that runs a small generator Electric power from a windmill that runs continuously, the generator is arranged to charge the batteries. And these batteries provide energy when the wind stops. This method has the advantages that the costs of maintenance and power generation are negligible, 
   But the flaws of this method are:
      (a) variable output, 
      (b) unreliable due to uncertainties in wind pressure and 
      (c) generation Very small.

(3) Water: 

               When water is stored in an appropriate place, it has potential energy because of The head was created. This water energy can be converted to mechanical energy with the help of water Turbines. It turns a water turbine, which turns mechanical energy into electricity This method of generating electricity has become very popular because of its depreciation production and maintenance costs.

(4) Fuel: 

               The main energy sources are solid fuels such as coal and liquid fuels such as oil and gas
fuel as a natural gas. The thermal energy of these types of fuels is converted to appropriate mechanical energy The main engines, such as steam engines, steam turbines, internal combustion engines, etc. A prime number A mobile switch operates a switch that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Despite the fuel It continues to enjoy its primary source of electricity, but so does its reserves
is decreasing by the day. So, the current trend is the exploitation of hydropower which is increasing or increasing Never mind that it is a constant source of strength.

(5) Nuclear energy: 

              Towards the end of the Second World War, it was discovered that a large quantity Thermal energy is liberated by fission of uranium and other fissile material. Estimated heat produced at 1 kg of nuclear fuel is equivalent to 4,500 tons of coal produced It can be used because of nuclear fission to raise energy through appropriate arrangements. Steam You can run a steam turbine that can, in turn, pay the switch to produce electricity, there are some difficulties in the use of nuclear energy. The fundamentals are
        (a) the high cost of nuclear materials
        (b) The problem of radioactive waste disposal and the lack of personnel trained to deal with the plant.

IMPORTANCE & GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS

General:

                        Energy is the basic necessity of the country's economic development. Too many essential jobs for today Turn off living objects when energy is saved stops. virtually impossible to estimate the actual amount of the part that the energy owns I played in building the present civilization modern energy has resulted in shorter working days, higher agricultural production, more efficient, healthier, more balanced agricultural production better diet and transportation facilities. CA In fact, is there an intimate relationship between the energy used per person and its dwelling? The more likely a person is to have access to energy in a country, the more likely it is to have access to energy the standard of living of its people. Energy exists in different forms in nature, but the most important form is electric power. Modern society depends a lot on the use of electric power that became part of our lives. In this chapter, we will Focusing our attention on general aspects of natural energy

Importance of electrical energy:


                       Energy may be required in the form of heat, light, momentum, etc. Current progress in science and technology made it possible to convert electric power into any desired form It gives electric power a place of pride in the modern world — the survival of industrial plants and our social structure is basically low cost and continuous electricity supply in fact, a country's progress is measured in terms of per capita energy consumption Electric power.
                Electric power exceeds all other forms of energy for the following reasons:

(1) Convenient point:

                   Electric power is a very convenient form of energy. can easily be converted to other forms of energy. For example, if we want to turn electric energy into heat, the only thing we have to do is pass an electric current through a very resistant wire like a heater. Similarly, electric power can be converted to light (such as a light bulb), mechanical energy (such as electric power), electric motors), etc.

(2) Ease of control:

                     Electrically operated machines have easy, convenient startup and control
and operation. For example, an electric motor can be turned on or off by turning on or off a switch. Similarly, with simple arrangements, the speed of electric motors can easily be changed as desired range.

(3) Increased flexibility:

                    One of the main reasons for the preference for electric power is flexibility
that they offer. It can be easily moved from one place to another with the help of the conductors.

(4) Licenses: 

                     Electric power is much cheaper than other forms of energy, and so it's comprehensive
The economic use of this form of energy for domestic, commercial and industrial purposes.

(5) Cleanliness:

                     Electric power is not associated with smoke, fumes or toxic gases. Its use thus ensures cleanliness and hygiene conditions.

(6) High transmission efficiency:

                     Electricity consumers are generally present far from their production centers. Electric power can be transported appropriately and efficiently from generation centers for consumers with the help of superconductors Identify your transmission lines.




Generation of electrical energy:




                       The conversion of available energy of different forms of nature into electrical energy electric power generation.
                        Electric power is a manufactured commodity, such as clothing, furniture, and tools The manufacture of a commodity involves the conversion of naturally available raw materials to desired shape. A similar form of electric energy results from the forms of energy available in nature.
                        But electric power differs in one important respect, and other goods may be Electricity must be produced and transferred to point of use at the moment you need it. The whole process takes a fraction of a second Real-time electricity generation takes technical and economic considerations
unique in the electric power industry. Power is available in many different form's Natural sources such as water head pressure and chemicals fuel energy, nuclear energy for radioactive materials
etc. All these forms of energy can be converted to Electric power using appropriate arrangements
The ranking is used mainly (see figure 1.1) switch is associated with the main engine. The main engine
Powered by power transferred from multiple sources burning of fuel, water pressure, wind power, etc. For example, chemical energy of fuel (e.g., coal) can be used to produce steam at high temperatures and pressure. Steam is fed the main engine can be steam engine or steam turbine. The turbine converts thermal energy to steam into mechanical energy, converted to electric power again. Similarly, other forms of energy can be converted to electric power using appropriate machinery and equipment.

Wednesday, 7 September 2022

BEE ENGINEERING AC CIRCUIT

                                                      

                           Unit 2: AC CIRCUIT 

1) Definition of true power.

actual power consumed in the AC circuit is called real power. If v and i

RMS values are for voltage and current respectively and theta is the angle of stage

between V and I, and then

2) Select the Power factor.

the power factor is the cosine of the angle between the effort and current.

COS (theta) = resistance/resistance

kos(theta) =

Real power/virtual power

3) What are the three energy types used in the circuit?

* Actual (or) active force

P=VI cos(theta)

* Interactive pop

Q=VI sin(theta)

* Virtual power

X=VI.

4) Select Interactive Strength.

The energy consumed by a pure reactor [x(L) or x(C)] in a AC circuit is

so-called reactive force. The unit is VAR.

Q=VI sin(theta)

5) Bandwidth Selection and Factor Q.

Bandwidth:

Broadband is defined as the difference between the upper frequency and the lower

abrupt

beta=f (2)-f (1)

Beta = R/2*pi*L (rad/sec)

Quality factor:

A quality factor is the percentage of reactive energy in the inducer capacitor (or

to the actual power of appearing in a series using the file (or) capacitor.

Q= 2*pi*Maximum Power Stored/Distributed per Cycle

6) Determination and appropriate conditions for resonance.

AC electrical circuit has echo if you move with pure resistance

circuit. The total withdrawal of current by a circuit shall then be in application

Voltage and power factor are the unit. Ringing is a state in RLC

A circuit where the capacitive and reactivity capability is of equal size [x(L)]

or c)]. which leads to pure resistance.

7) What is the relationship between line voltage and STAR voltage Delta connectivity?

star join, V(L) = 1.732V(ph)

For delta connectivity, V(L) =v(ph).

were, v(L) line voltage

V(ph) phase voltage.


BEE ENGINEERING 1ST YEAR FULL PORTION

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 
(Engineering 1st year portion)
 (2 marks only)

TO LEARN C PROGRAMMING FOLLOW THIS YOUTUBE CHANNEL: Code with u - YouTube

 *It is uneven in scale.

* Electric

A single-phase induction motor is self-starting, because the stator flux is changing in nature and

*Wooden formwork and capping wiring

(1 Application of single-phase induction motor:

(4 types of movable iron tools:

*Lead sheathed wiring (or) metal sheathed wiring

(6) Moving coil instrument: *This is similar to the working principle of a DC motor.

(8 Types of materials used for electrical wiring:

* Copper

*Conduit wiring

*This scale is uniform.

(5) Movable iron tool:

It is the system in the coil of an electric motor that is opposed, the current flows through the coil, when the armature R.

* Moon

(3 types of measuring instrument:

*It is used for both AC and DC measurement.

ohmmeter. and galvanometer

* Mechanical

*Accuracy is low.

(7) Single phase induction motor self-starting why not?

(9 types of wiring system:

*Clean wiring

To begin with, the two components of the equation cancel each other out and therefore there is no network.

* Electronic

* It can be used as ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter.

CTS) *(or)TRS) (or)PVC sheathed wiring

*Fans *Pump *Refrigerator *Hard

DRIVE *TABLETRON *CEILING FAN

*Air Conditioner *Vacuum Cleaner

*Washing machine.

*Traction Type Movable Iron Tool

*This is only used for disk measurement.

*Repulsion type movable iron tool

emf: back2)

* Accuracy is high.

* Aluminum

Otte S

* Arsenic

*It is acting as magnetism.

*It can be used as a voltmeter,

Machine Translated by Google

(10Fuses: *Fuses can be used only once.

*Circuit breaker

* This Act may be called the Indian Electricity Act, 1910, which has been extended to the whole of India.

*The cost of fuse is very low.

*Switch the fussiest cos witch.

(14) What are the advantages of lithium-ion batteries over lead acid batteries?

* Flexibility.

(11 Circuit Breaker: * Circuit breaker can be used multiple times.

* ELCB

A few minutes to charge, depending on battery size. Lithium-ion chemistries can accept such high rates.

Transmission line maintenance clearance with the root of the power conductor to ground above the open country, n

*The cost of circuit breaker is high.

(13) Characteristics of underground cables:

(15 Different types of cables used in electricity: * Volcanic

Indian Rubber Cord (VIR)

(17 Any two Indian Electricity Acts: 1956 IER* has been made the Indian Electricity Act, 1910, which has been repeated by the Electricity Act, 2003

Is.

*Fuse can be used as on/off switch.

(12 Components of voltage switch gear:

* Wide screen controls electric field and external fault current.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

* Switches

*Electric Conductor – Conducts current.

(18) Earth resistance: *Earth resistance profile varies between 10 ohms and 20 ohms.

*Fuse works on electrical and thermal characteristics of conducting material.

*Electrical isolators

Charging a lead-acid battery can take more than 10 hours, while lithium-ion batteries can take anywhere from 3 hours to an hour.

* Weather changes.

(16) Ground clearance Q:

(19 Mention any two provisions in the Indian Electricity Act:

* Except the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

* Circuit breaker is used as on/off switch.

Current, charging batteries made from lead-acid batteries.

HRC* fuse

Regional country, highways, electric field, non-electric field, tracks, telecommunication and power lines.

* Circuit breaker works on principle of electromagnetism and switching.

* Cable sheaths protect the cable, especially from moisture.

*Hard Rubber Cassette String (TRS).

*These rules will be applicable till the Electricity Act 2003.

* Lead acid sheet.

*Layer Insulation - Insulates an electrical conductor.

*This is the resistance of the ground electrode that is measured to perform the resistance test.

Machine Translated by Google

The effective resistance of an electrical circuit (or) component to alternating current, arising from combined effects

(23 Types of Electrical Networks: * Line Y

Network.

(28 Significance of Resonance:

(20 States Kirchhoff's Law: Kirchhoff's law is divided into two types.

: KVL)i the algebraic sum of the potentials is zero.: KCL) indexer current

The algebraic sum of is equal to zero.

*Two-way network.

(25 Power factor: Power factor is the cosine of the phase angle between voltage and current. = (theta (cos true power/apparent power.

Increasing the purely resistive impedance. A

* Resonant circuits are useful for making filters and are used in many applications.

Quality Factor: It is defined as the ratio of reactive power (or) total power to resistance in series with inductor (or) capacitor and coil (o).

Let n be taken as the sum of the currents (or) voltages at which each source operates independently.

*Disabled network.

Any linear network with terminals can be replaced by a single voltage source called a thionine voltage (or) open circuit.

*Distributed network.

(27) Resonance: An AC circuit is said to be in resonance if it behaves as a purely resistive circuit. The total current drawn by the circuit

Cut voltage with resistance in series called thionine resistance.

(24)

is then in phase with the applied voltage and the power factor will be unity.

Resonance in an RLC* circuit is a state in which capacitive and reactance are reactive, there through res.

* Non-linear network.

Ohmic resistance and reactance.

(21 The superposition theorem:

* One way network.

(26) Bandwidth: Bandwidth is defined as the frequency difference between the upper cut of the frequency and the lower cut of the frequency.

*Active network.

Any line or branch in a circuit containing two (or more) sources

(or) the current resulting from the voltage between nodes ca

=f(2)-f (1) bandwidth

(22 Tevin's Theorem:

*Limped Network.

(r capacitor.

Acoustic grating & Stress and Strain

Acoustic greeting:

TO LEARN MORE, FOLLOW THIS YOUTUBE CHANNEL: Code with u - YouTube

 When ultrasonic waves travel from one end into the liquid medium and are reflected

Nodes in this medium from the other end and 

Anti-nodes. The density of the liquid will be at most nodes and at least low. 

Anti-nodes. The node will behave like an opaque region and the anti-nodes will behave 

Like the transparent region. Now the liquid behaves as a diffraction grating and it is 

Which is called sound greeting.

 Sin (Theta) = N*(Lamda) --------(EQ.1)

where D is the distance between any two successive nodes or the antinodes of the resident

wave

 Lambda is the wavelength of the monochromaticity.

If 'F' is the frequency of ultrasonic waves, then the speed of ultrasonic 

Waves are given in liquid

 Ultrasonic speed =frequency*wavelength

 b = f*lambda(u) ----------(eq.4)

Subtract the value of lambda(u) in (eq.4)

 Speed =F*N*Lambda/Sin (Theta)

Replacing the values of F, N, Lambda and Theta, the velocity of ultrasonic waves

Can be determined in liquidlike source of light 

 Theta is the angle of distortion

Let Lambda(U) be the wavelength of ultrasonic waves in a liquid medium, then

 D=Lambda(U)/2

 2D=Limda(U) -------(EQ.2)

Then (EQ.1) becomes, 

Lamda (U)*Sin (Theta) = N*(Lamda)

 Lamda(U) = N*Lamda/Sin (Theta) ---------(EQ.3)

Monday, 5 September 2022

DC CIRCUIES

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


TO LEARN C PROGRAMMING FOLLOW THIS YOUTUBE CHANNEL: Code with u - YouTube

1."DC CIRCUITS"

 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL (or) VOLTAGE:

 *Voltage is the difference in electrical potential between two points of an electrical or electronic

Circuits.

 Unit: 'Volts'.

 ELECTRIC CURRUNT: 

 *Electric current is defined as the flow rate of electric change.

 Unit: 'Amps',

 i=dq/dt

 q=>load

 RESISTANCE:

 *The resistance of the circuit is the property by which it opposes the flow of current.

 Unit: ohms.

Behavior:

 * The reciprocity of resistance is called conductance.

 Unit: Sieve, Symbol:- g

 . G=1/R

 Basic circuit components:

 *Resistor 

 *Capacitor 

 *Inductor

 RESISTOR:

 *It is defined as the property of the material by which it opposes the flow of current through it.

 I R

 ---->--/\/\/\/\------

 + -

 V=IR.

 Unit: ohms

 Symbol: R

 *Energy is dissipated in the resistor in the form of heat.

 P=VI=(IR0I=I^2R=V^2/R watts.

 *Resistor coverts amounts of energy into heat during time 't'.

 D=Pdt

 =I^Rt

 =vIt joules.

 Capacitor:

 * Capacitor is a storage element that can store and transport energy in an electric field.

 Symbol: C

 Unit: Firuz.

 c

 ------|| ------

 + -

Inductor:

 * An inductor is the element in which energy is stored in the form of an electromagnetic field.

 Symbol: L

 Unit: Henry Gaither C.

 I l

 ---->---000000-------

 + -

 Network:

 *Any arrangement of different sources of electrical energy with different circuit elements

This is called an electrical network.

 _______/////___.__00000_________

 | | 

 | | 

 ------ --------

 --- ----

 NWT Work Element:

 *Any individual circuit element with two terminals that can be connected to another circuit element is

This is called the network element.

 network

 | |---->Active Element [Voltage, Current]

 |------>|

 |

 |---->Active element [R, L, C]

Branch:

 *A point of network that connects different points of the network to each other is called

Branch.

 Fig.(a) AC, CE, EF

 Junction point:

 *A point where three or more branches meet is called a junction point. (C, F)

 Node:

 * A point at which two or more elements join together is called a node. (A, BC, D, E and F).

Mesh loop:

 * A mesh or loop is a set of braches forming a closed path in a network. (ACDBA, CEFDC)

 Types of electrical networks:

 Linear Network:-

 * A circuit or network whose parameter i.e. elements such as resistors, inductors and capacitors

Always a constant irrelevant of time change, Waltz,

 The temperature is called a linear network.

* OHS law and superposition theorem can be networked.

 Non-linear network:-

 * A circuit whose parameter changes their values with the change in time, is the temperature voltage.

Known as non-linear networks.

 Two-linear network:-

 * The behavior of a circuit vas characteristics depends on the direction of the throw current

Its Vario elements are called 'two linear networks'.

 Ex: Resistors

One-way network:-

 * A circuit operation whose behavior depends on the direction of the current through different

Elements are called 'one-way networks'.

 Former: Half-wave diode rectifier.

 Active network:-

 * A circuit that has an energy source is called an 'active network'.

 Previous: Voltage and current source.

 Inactive network:-

 * A circuit that has no source of energy is called a 'passive network'.

 Distributed Network:-

 * Circuit elements such as resistors, inductors for the purpose of analysis are not usable according to physics

'Distributed network'.

 Previous: Transmission Line

 Electric power:

 * The rate at which the electrical circuit works is electricity.

 Unit: Joules/second (or)watt.

 P=VI; P=I62R(OR) P=V62/R.

Electrical Energy:

 * Electrical energy is the amount of work and therefore the production of power and time.

 W=PT=VIT=I^2RT=(V^2/R)T

 1 Kilowatt=1 Unit=Power-in-Watt X Time-in-Sec/1000X 60X 60X 60X 60

 Resistors in the series:

 R1 R2 R3

 ______/////_______/////________/////______

 | |

 | |

 | | <--------->| <--------------->|<--------------| |

 |         V1                  V2                     V3|

 |________________________| | __________________________| 

 | | | |

 | |

 *There is a voltage drop across each resistor given by Ohm's law.

 V1=IR1

 V2=IR2

 V3=IR3

 v=v1+v2+v3

 =IR1+IR2+IR3

 V=I[R1+R2+R3]

 P1=1^2R1; p2=1^2R2; p3=1^2R3.

 Total power:

 (p)= p1+p2+p3

 = I^2[R1+R2+R3]

 =V1^2/R1 + V2^2/R2 + V3^2/R3

 =V^2/[R1+R2+R3]

 =V^2/Ref

 ref=R1+R2+R3

 _______/////________

 | |

 I | | Vi

 | |

 |__________| |__________| 

 + | | | -

 | |

 V

 * The same current flows through all resistors.

 * For each resistor, there will be a voltage drop

 According to Ohm's law.

 * The combination of voltage drop will be equal to applied voltage. 

Saturday, 3 September 2022

AVL TREE IN C LANGUAGE

IMPLEMENTATION OF AVL TREES INSERTION, DELETION OPERATIONS

Exercise.No:8

TO LEARN C PROGRAMMING FOLLOW THIS YOUTUBE CHANNEL: Code with u - YouTube



AIM: 

To write the program to implement AVL Tree and its operation. 

ALGORITHM: 

For Insertion: 



Step 1: First, insert a new element into the tree using BST's (Binary Search Tree) insertion 

 logic. 

Step 2: After inserting the elements you have to check the Balance Factor of each node. 

Step 3: When the Balance Factor of every node will be found like 0 or 1 or -1 then the 

 algorithm will proceed for the next operation. 

Step 4: When the balance factor of any node comes other than the above three values then the 

 tree is said to be imbalanced. Then perform the suitable Rotation to make it balanced 

 and then the algorithm will proceed for the next operation. 

For Deletion: 



Step 1: Firstly, find that node where k is stored 

Step 2: Secondly delete those contents of the node (Suppose the node is x) 

Step 3: Claim: Deleting a node in an AVL tree can be reduced by deleting a leaf. There are 

 three possible cases: 

• When x has no children then, delete x 

• When x has one child, let x' becomes the child of x. 

• Notice: x' cannot have a child, since sub trees of T can differ in height by at 

most one then replaces the contents of x with the contents of x' 

• then delete x' (a leaf) 

• then find x's successor z (which has no left child) 

• then replace x's contents with z's contents, and 

• delete z 

Step 4: When x has two children, 

AVL Tree Rotations: 

In AVL tree, after performing every operation like insertion and deletion we need to check 

the balance factor of every node in the tree. If every node satisfies the balance factor 

condition then we conclude the operation otherwise we must make it balanced. We use 

rotation operations to make the tree balanced whenever the tree is becoming imbalanced due 

to any operation. 

Single Left Rotation (LL Rotation): 

In LL Rotation every node moves one position to left from the current position. 

Single Right Rotation (RR Rotation): 

In RR Rotation every node moves one position to right from the current position. 

Left Right Rotation (LR Rotation): 

The LR Rotation is combination of single left rotation followed by single right rotation. In 

LR Rotation, first every node moves one position to left then one position to right from the 

current position. 

Right Left Rotation (RL Rotation) 

The RL Rotation is combination of single right rotation followed by single left rotation. In 

RL Rotation, first every node moves one position to right then one position to left from the 

current position. 

Time Analysis of AVL Trees: 

AVL tree is binary search tree with additional property that difference between height of left 

sub-tree and right sub-tree of any node can’t be more than 1.

PROGRAM:

#include<conio.h>

#include<stdio.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

typedef struct node

{

 int data;

struct node *left,*right;

int ht;

}node;

node *insert(node *, int);

node *Delete(node *, int);

void preorder(node *);

void inorder(node *);

int height( node *);

node *rotateright(node *);

node *rotateleft(node *);

node *RR(node *);

node *LL(node *);

node *LR(node *);

node *RL(node *);

int BF(node *);

void main()

{

node *root=NULL;

int x, n, i, op;

do

{

printf("\n1)Create ");

printf("\n2)Insert ");

printf("\n3)Delete ");

printf("\n4)Print ");

printf("\n5)Quit ");

printf("\n Enter Your Choice: ");

scanf("%d",&op);

switch(op)

{

case 1:printf("\n Enter no.of elements:");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("\n Enter tree data:");

root=NULL;

for(i=0; i<n; i++)

{

scanf("%d",&x);

root=insert(root,x);

}

break;

case 2:printf("\n Enter a data : ");

scanf("%d",&x);

root=insert(root,x);

break;

case 3:printf("\n Enter a data : ");

scanf("%d",&x);

root=Delete(root,x);

break;

case 4: printf("\n Preorder sequence :\n");

preorder(root);

printf("\n Inorder sequence :\n");

inorder(root);

break;

}

}while(op<5);

}

node * insert(node *T, int x)

{

if(T==NULL)

{

T=(node*)malloc(sizeof(node));

T->data=x;

T->left=NULL;

T->right=NULL;

}

else

if(x > T->data) 

{

T->right=insert(T->right,x);

if(BF(T)==-2)

if(x>T->right->data)

T=RR(T);

else

T=RL(T);

}

else

if(x<T->data)

{

T->left=insert(T->left,x);

if(BF(T)==2)

if(x < T->left->data)

T=LL(T);

else

T=LR(T);

}

T->ht=height(T);

return(T);

}

node * Delete(node *T, int x)

{ node *p;

if(T==NULL)

{

return NULL;

}

else

if(x > T->data) 

{

T->right=Delete(T->right,x);

if(BF(T)==2)

if(BF(T->left)>=0)

T=LL(T);

else

T=LR(T);

}

else

if(x<T->data)

{

T->left=Delete(T->left,x);

if(BF(T)==-2)

if(BF(T->right)<=0)

T=RR(T);

else

T=RL(T);

}

else

{

if(T->right !=NULL)

p=T->right;

while(p->left != NULL)

p=p->left;

T->data=p->data;

T->right=Delete(T->right, p->data);

if(BF(T)==2)

if(BF(T->left)>=0)

T=LL(T);

else

T=LR(T);

}

else

return(T->left);

}

T->ht=height(T);

return(T);

}

int height(node *T)

{

int lh, rh;

if(T==NULL)

return(0);

if(T->left==NULL)

lh=0;

else

lh=1+T->left->ht;

if(T->right==NULL)

rh=0;

else

rh=1+T->right->ht;

if(lh>rh)

return(lh);

return(rh);

}

node * rotateright(node *x)

{

node *y;

y=x->left;

x->left=y->right;

y->right=x;

x->ht=height(x);

y->ht=height(y);

return(y);

}

node * rotateleft(node *x)

{

node *y;

y=x->right;

x->right=y->left;

y->left=x;

x->ht=height(x);

y->ht=height(y);

return(y);

}

node * RR(node *T)

{

T=rotateleft(T);

return(T);

}

node * LL(node *T)

{

T=rotateright(T);

return(T);

}

node * LR(node *T)

{

T->left=rotateleft(T->left);

T=rotateright(T);

return(T);

}

node * RL(node *T)

{

T->right=rotateright(T->right);

T=rotateleft(T);

return(T);

}

int BF(node *T)

{

int lh, rh;

if(T==NULL)

return(0);

if(T->left==NULL)

lh=0;

else

lh=1+T->left->ht;

if(T->right==NULL)

rh=0;

else

rh=1+T->right->ht;

return(lh-rh);

}

void preorder(node *T)

{

if(T!=NULL)

{

printf(" %d(Bf=%d)", T->data, BF(T));

preorder(T->left);

preorder(T->right);

}

}

void inorder(node *T)

{

if(T!=NULL)

{

inorder(T->left);

printf(" %d(Bf=%d)", T->data, BF(T));

inorder(T->right);

}

}

OUTPUT:

1)Create:

2)Insert:

3)Delete:

4)Print:

5)Quit:

Enter Your Choice: 1

Enter no.of elements :4

Enter tree data: 2

4

5

6

1)Create:

2)Insert:

3)Delete:

4)Print:

5)Quit:

Enter Your Choice: 4

Preorder sequence:

4(Bf=-1) 2(Bf=0) 5(Bf=-1) 6(Bf=0)

Inorder sequence:

2(Bf=0) 4(Bf=-1) 5(Bf=-1) 6(Bf=0)

1)Create:

2)Insert:

3)Delete:

4)Print:

5)Quit:

Enter Your Choice: 3

Enter a data: 5

1)Create:

2)Insert:

3)Delete:

4)Print:

5)Quit:

Enter Your Choice: 4

Preorder sequence:

4(Bf=0) 2(Bf=0) 6(Bf=0)

Inorder sequence:

2(Bf=0) 4(Bf=0) 6(Bf=0)

1)Create:

2)Insert:

3)Delete:

4)Print:

5)Quit:

Enter Your Choice: 2

Enter a data: 43

1)Create:

2)Insert:

3)Delete:

4)Print:

5)Quit:

Enter Your Choice: 4

Preorder sequence:

4(Bf=-1) 2(Bf=0) 6(Bf=-1) 43(Bf=0)

Inorder sequence:

2(Bf=0) 4(Bf=-1) 6(Bf=-1) 43(Bf=0)

1)Create:

2)Insert:

3)Delete:

4)Print:

5)Quit:

Enter Your Choice: 5

Result: 

Thus, the concept of AVL Tree was implemented successfully.

THREE TRAVERSAL & BINARY SEARCH TREE


IMPLEMENTATION TREE TRAVERSAL 

(INORDER – PREORDER – POST ORDER)

Exercise.No:6

NOTE:

    * For any queries comment below, instantly the solution will be posted *

TO LEARN C PROGRAMMING FOLLOW THIS YOUTUBE CHANNEL: Code with u - YouTube

AIM: 

To write the program to implement the Tree Traversal. 

ALGORITHM: 

1. Read the integers 

2. Create the functions for preorder, in order and post order 

3. Perform push and pop operations. 

FOR INORDER 

Inorder(pos t) 

T!=null 

Inorder(t-> left) 

Printf(“%s”, t->data); 

Inorder(t->right) 

FOR PREORDER 

Preorder(pos t) 

T!=null 

Printf(“%s”, t->data); 

Preorder(t->left) 

Inorder(t->right) 

FOR POSTORDER 

Postorder(pos t) 

Postorder(t->left) 

postorder(t->right) 

Printf(“%s”, t->data); 

4. Visit in the order left, root, right, 

5. Display the visited nodes

PROGRAM:

// program showing various operations on Expression tree. Tree is created

// from a postfix expression

#include<conio.h>

#include<stdio.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

#include<ctype.h>

typedef struct treenode

{

char data;

struct treenode *left,*right;

}treenode;

typedef struct stack

{

treenode *data[20];

int top;

}stack;

void init(stack *s)

{

s->top=-1;

}

treenode * pop(stack *s)

{

treenode *p;

p=s->data[s->top];

s->top=s->top-1;

return(p);

}

void push(stack *s, treenode *p)

{

s->top=s->top+1;

s->data[s->top]=p;

}

treenode *create();

void inorder(treenode *T);

void preorder(treenode *T);

void postorder(treenode *T);

void main()

{

treenode *root=NULL,*p;

int x, op;

do

{

printf("\n\n1)Create\n2)Preorder");

printf("\n3)Inorder\n4)Postorder\n5)Quit");

printf("\n Enter Your Choice :");

scanf("%d",&op);

switch(op)

{

case 1: root=create();break;

case 2: preorder(root);break;

case 3: inorder(root);break;

case 4: postorder(root);break;

}

}while(op<5);

}

void inorder(treenode *T)

{

if(T!=NULL)

{

inorder(T->left);

printf("%c", T->data);

inorder(T->right);

}

}

void preorder(treenode *T)

{ if(T!=NULL)

{ printf("%c", T->data);

preorder(T->left);

preorder(T->right);

}

}

void postorder(treenode *T)

{ if(T!=NULL)

{

postorder(T->left);

postorder(T->right);

printf("%c", T->data);

}

}

treenode * create()

{

char a[50];

int i;

treenode *p,*q,*root;

stack s;

init(&s);

printf("\n Enter a postfix expression : ");

scanf("%s",&a);

for(i=0;a[i]!='\0';i++)

{

if(isalnum(a[i]))

{

p=(treenode*)malloc(sizeof(treenode));

p->left=p->right=NULL;

p->data=a[i];

push(&s,p);

}

else

{

q=pop(&s);

p=pop(&s);

root=(treenode*)malloc(sizeof(treenode));

root->left=p;

root->right=q;

root->data=a[i];

push(&s,root);

}

}

root=pop(&s);

return(root);

}

OUTPUT:

1)Create

2)Preorder

3)Inorder

4)Postorder

5)Quit

Enter Your Choice :1

Enter a postfix expression: pk-ap+*

1)Create

2)Preorder

3)Inorder

4)Postorder

5)Quit

Enter Your Choice :2

*-pk+ap

1)Create

2)Preorder

3)Inorder

4)Postorder

5)Quit

Enter Your Choice :3

p-k*a+p

1)Create

2)Preorder

3)Inorder

4)Postorder

5)Quit

Enter Your Choice :4

pk-ap+*

1)Create

2)Preorder

3)Inorder

4)Postorder

5)Quit

Enter Your Choice :5

RESULT: 

Thus, the program Tree Traversal was implemented and executed successfully.


Thursday, 1 September 2022

POLYNOMIAL ADDITION USING LINKED LIST

 IMPLEMENTATION OF POLYNOMIAL ADDITION USING LINKED LIST

Exercise.No:5 

TO LEARN C PROGRAMMING FOLLOW THIS YOUTUBE CHANNEL : 

NOTE : 

        In the below content incase of some error problem the program was slightly modified, so to remodel it the following steps should be taken 

            1.)In "co eff" remove the space between "co" and "eff".

            2.)In "print f" remove the space between "print" and "f".

            3.)In "scan f" remove the space between "scan" and "f".

            4.)In "std io. h" remove the space between "std" and "io" then space between "io." and "h".

            5.)In "con io. h" remove the space between "con" and "io" then space between "io." and "h".

            6.)In "p add" remove the space between "p" and "add".

            7.)In "size of" remove the space between "size" and "of".

    * For any queries comment below ,instantly the solution will be posted*

AIM: 

To implement the program for polynomial addition using linked List. 

ALGORITHM: 

1. Using the function poly1() read the coefficient and exponent terms of the first polynomial 

 until exponent term is zero 

2. Using the function poly2() read the coefficient and exponent terms of the second 

 polynomial until exponent term is zero 

3. Using the function polyadd() add the two polynomials with the following comparisons 

4. If the exponent term in the first polynomial is greater than the exponent in the second 

 polynomial, add the node of the first polynomial with the resultant polynomial 

5. If the exponent term in the first polynomial is lees than the exponent in the second 

 polynomial, add the node of the second polynomial with the resultant polynomial 

6. If the exponent term in the first polynomial is equal to the exponent in the second 

 polynomial, add both the coefficient of the first and second polynomial and the node to the 

 resultant polynomial 

7. Traverse both the polynomial according to the above comparison up to the NULL value of 

 both the polynomials are reached. 

8. Display the resultant polynomial 

PROGRAM :

#include <std io. h>

#include <con io. h>

#include <std lib. h>

#include <math. h>

typedef struct node

{ int power;

float co eff;

struct node *next;

}node;

node * insert(node *head, int power, float co eff);

node * create();

node * p add(node *head1,node *head2);

void print(node *head);

int main()

{

node *head1,*head2,*head3;

int op;

float value, x;

print f("\n Enter 1st Polynomial : ");

head1=create();

print(head1);

print f("\n Enter 2nd Polynomial : ");

head2=create();

print(head2);

head3=p add(head1,head2); 

print f("\n Addition of two polynomials : ");

print(head3);

}

node * insert(node *head, int power, float co eff)

{ node *p,*q;

p=(node*)malloc(size of(node));

p->power=power; p->co eff=co eff;

p->next=NULL;

if(head==NULL)

return(p);

else

if(power<head->power)

{ p->next=head;

return(p);

}

else

{ q=head;

while(q->next!=NULL && power>=q->next->power)

q=q->next;

p->next=q->next;

q->next=p;

if(q->power==p->power)

{

q->co eff=q->co eff +p->co eff;

q->next=p->next;

free(p);

}

return(head);

}

}

node * create()

{

int n, I, power;

float co eff;

node *head;

head=NULL;

print f("\n Enter No. of Terms:");

scan f("%d", &n);

print f("\n enter a term as a tuple of (power, coefficient)");

for(I=1;I<=n; I++)

{

scan f("%d %f", &power, &co eff);

head=insert(head, power, co eff);

}

return(head);

}

node * p add(node *head1,node *head2)

{

node *head=NULL;

int power; float co eff;

while(head1 != NULL && head2 != NULL)

{

if(head1->power < head2->power)

{

head=insert(head,head1->power,head1->co eff);

head1=head1->next;

continue;

}

if(head2->power < head1->power)

{ head=insert(head,head2->power,head2->co eff);

head2=head2->next;

continue;

}

head=insert(head,head1->power,head1->coeff+head2->co eff);

head1=head1->next;

head2=head2->next;

}

while(head1!=NULL)

{head=insert(head,head1->power,head1->co eff);

head1=head1->next;

}

while(head2!=NULL)

{head=insert(head,head2->power,head2->co eff);

head2=head2->next;

}

return(head);

}

void print(node *head)

{ print f("\n");

while(head!=NULL)

{

print f("%6.2fX^%d ",head->co eff, head->power);

head=head->next;

}}

OUTPUT :

Enter 1st Polynomial :

Enter No. of Terms:3

enter a term as a tuple of (power, coefficient)3 3 2 2 1 1

1.00X^1 2.00X^2 3.00X^3

Enter 2nd Polynomial :

Enter No. of Terms:2

enter a term as a tuple of (power, coefficient)2 2 5 5

2.00X^2 5.00X^5

Addition of two polynomials :

1.00X^1 4.00X^2 3.00X^3 5.00X^5

RESULT: 

Thus the program for polynomial addition using linked list was implemented and it’s 

executed successfully.

            *Let us promote a thing, "Code with us" YOUTUBE channel doing a coding works for cheap price their services are 
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Stack and Queue operation in C language

IMPLEMENTATION OF STACK AND ITS OPERATION

Exercise.No:3 



TO LEARN C PROGRAMMING FOLLOW THIS YOUTUBE CHANNEL : Code with u - YouTube

AIM: 

To implement the program for Push, Pop and Display operations in Stack. 

ALGORITHM: 

PUSH OPERATION: 

Step 1: If Top=Max-1 

Print “Overflow : Stack is full” and Exit 

End If 

Step 2: Top=Top+1 

Step 3: Stack[TOP]=Element 

Step 4: End 

POP OPEARTION: 

Step 1: If TOP=-1 

Print “Underflow: Stack is empty” and Exit 

End if 

Step 2: Set Del element=Stack[Top] 

Step 3: Top=Top-1 

Step 4: Del Element 

Step 5: End

NOTE : 

        In the below content incase of some error problem the program was slightly modified, so to remodel it the following steps should be taken 

            1.)In "in it" remove the space between "in" and "it".

            2.)In "print f" remove the space between "print" and "f".

            3.)In "scan f" remove the space between "scan" and "f".

            4.)In "std io. h" remove the space between "std" and "io" then space between "io." and "h".

            5.)In "con io. h" remove the space between "con" and "io" then space between "io." and "h".

PROGRAM :

#include<std io. h>

#include<con io. h>

#define MAX 15

typedef struct stack

{

int data[MAX];

int top;

}stack;

stack s;

void in it(stack*s);

void push(stack*s, int x);

void pop(stack*s);

int full(stack*s);

int empty(stack*s);

void print(stack*s);

int main()

{

int op,op1;

do

{

print f("\n\n1)Initialize\n2)Push\n3)Pop\n4)Full");

print f("\n5)Empty\n6)Print\n7)Quit");

print f("\n Enter your Choice:");

scan f("%d", &op);

switch(op)

{

case 1:init(&s);

break;

case 2:printf("\n Enter your element to push : ");

scan f("%d",&op1);

push(&s,op1);

break;

case 3:pop(&s);

break;

case 4:full(&s);

break;

case 5:empty(&s);

break;

case 6:print(&s);

break;

}

}while(op<7);

}

void in it(stack*s)

{

s->top=-1;

}

void push(stack*s, int x)

{

if(s->top==MAX-1)

{

print f("\n Stack is full");

}

else

{

s->top=s->top+1;

s->data[s->top]=x;

}

}

void pop(stack*s)

{

if(s->top==-1)

{

print f("\n Stack is empty");

}

else

{

if(s->top==0)

{

s->top=-1;

}

else

{

s->top=s->top-1;

}

}

}

int empty(stack*s)

{

if(s->top==-1)

{

print f("\n Stack is empty");

}

else

{

print f("\n Stack is not empty");

}

return(0);

}

int full(stack*s)

{

if(s->top==MAX-1)

{

print f("\n Stack is full");

}

else

{

print f("\n Stack is not full");

}

return(0);

}

void print(stack*s)

{

int a;

if(s->top==-1)

{

print f("Stack is empty");

}

else

{

for(a=s->top; a>=0;a--)

{

print f("\n %d", s->data[a]);

}

}

}

OUTPUT :

1)Initialize

2)Push

3)Pop

4)Full

5)Empty

6)Print

7)Quit

Enter your Choice:1

1)Initialize

2)Push

3)Pop

4)Full

5)Empty

6)Print

7)Quit

Enter your Choice:2

Enter your element to push : 12

1)Initialize

2)Push

3)Pop

4)Full

5)Empty

6)Print

7)Quit

Enter your Choice:2

Enter your element to push : 13

1)Initialize

2)Push

3)Pop

4)Full

5)Empty

6)Print

7)Quit

Enter your Choice:2

Enter your element to push : 14

1)Initialize

2)Push

3)Pop

4)Full

5)Empty

6)Print

7)Quit

Enter your Choice:6

14

13

12

1)Initialize

2)Push

3)Pop

4)Full

5)Empty

6)Print

7)Quit

Enter your Choice:3

1)Initialize

2)Push

3)Pop

4)Full

5)Empty

6)Print

7)Quit

Enter your Choice:6

13

12

RESULT: 

Thus the program for Push, Pop and Display operations in Stack was implemented and 

executed successfully.


FRIENDSHIP & GOALS

WHAT IS FRIENDSHIP:  For all the attention we pay to love stories, some of the most compelling stories (in fiction or not) are about best fr...